Valves and pipe are both components of a single system, and they should be designed together based on the operational scenarios expected and the loading they will experience. Pipe material selection, design, and embedment requirements cannot overlook the impacts of in line valve material, design, and backfill. Photo courtesy of LAN.
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&#; HDPE pipe is resistant to corrosion and is fully restrained; however, it is susceptible to temperature fluctuations and the inside to outside diameter relationship requires a little give and take.
&#; Prestressed concrete pressure pipe is a rigid pipe that can be used in almost unlimited site conditions and can simplify some installation, but failure can be catastrophic and design is quite complicated compared to other materials.
&#; PVC pipe, like HDPE and fiberglass, is resistant to corrosion and is also lightweight with a long service history; however, it is impacted negatively by ultraviolet light and can experience rapid crack propagation.
&#; Steel pipe provides long lay lengths, can be fully restrained, and is highly adaptable in the field, but construction loading must be considered, and proper embedment is critical to developing structural integrity.
Some projects may present opportunities to competitively bid multiple materials while others will show that only one material or variation is suitable for the job. There is a pipe for every project though, and the challenge is knowing how to sift through the variables, which include soil conditions, material availability, water chemistry, pipeline diameter, contractor ability, and many others. The following discussion highlights a few variables that we often encounter and consider during pipeline design. These variables fall into two categories: design and installation considerations; and operational considerations.
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A simple question to begin with is whether your pipeline will be installed by open cut or trenchless methods. Even this basic question has a potential impact on the pipe material ultimately proposed for installation. Open cut installation requires evaluation of construction loading scenarios and may require a much different emphasis on construction inspection. Alternatively, depending on the trenchless methods proposed, consideration should be given to laydown area available, how joints can or will be restrained (where needed), and various encasement options required.
For flexible pipe materials installed by open cut, embedment is the most important element of the installation. Flexible pipe, such as fiberglass or steel, interacts with the surrounding soils to gain its structural integrity. Either flexible pipe must be used in the right soils, or the trench (width, bedding/embedment material, filter fabric requirements, and so on) should be designed to compensate for less ideal soil conditions.
Accordingly, inspection is of great importance to ensure that the embedment material has the proper gradation, is installed in appropriate lifts, and is compacted or consolidated. If you are considering a project where full-time inspection cannot be provided, a more rigid product, if available, may provide a better long-term value.
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