Metal mesh used for fencing

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For the structure pattern in chemistry, see Chicken wire (chemistry)

Chicken wire, or poultry netting, is a mesh of wire commonly used to fence in fowl, such as chickens, in a run or coop. It is made of thin, flexible, galvanized steel wire with hexagonal gaps. Available in 1⁄2 inch (about 1.3 cm), 1 inch (about 2.5 cm) diameter, and 2 inch (about 5 cm), chicken wire is available in various gauges—usually 19 gauge (about 1 mm wire) to 22 gauge (about 0.7 mm wire). Chicken wire is occasionally used to build inexpensive pens for small animals (or to protect plants and property from animals) though the thinness and zinc content of galvanized wire may be inappropriate for animals prone to gnawing and will not keep out predators.

In construction, chicken wire or hardware cloth is used as a metal lath to hold cement or plaster, a process known as stuccoing. Concrete reinforced with chicken wire or hardware cloth yields ferrocement, a versatile construction material. It can also be used to make the armature for a papier-mâché sculpture, when relatively high strength is needed.

History

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Charles Barnard, a British ironmonger, built the world's first wire-netting machine in 1844. He based his design on cloth weaving machines. Soon the firm of Barnard, Bishop & Barnard, established in Norwich, was selling wire netting all over the world. [1]

During World War II, the fine wire used to make chicken wire was used to make large wire ground mats for radar systems, evening out the random reflections from the uneven ground below. The installation of these systems caused a countrywide shortage of chicken wire in the United Kingdom.[2]

During World war II it was also commonly put on helmets by German soldiers to cover the helmet and camouflage it with plants and branches.

Other uses

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In chemistry, molecules with fused carbon rings are often compared to chicken wire — see chicken wire (chemistry).

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In photonics, the chicken-wire effect is a predominant pattern of low transmission lines between multifiber bundles in a fiberoptic used to couple the intensifier tube to the CCD sensor. The lines have a pattern similar to that of chicken wire.

In machine tool design, chicken wire may be used for safety guarding.

Chicken wire is sometimes used to provide grip on surfaces such as wooden steps or decking.

Chicken wire commonly used in construction has been found to block or attenuate Wi-Fi, cellular and other radio frequency transmissions by inadvertently creating a Faraday cage.[3]

See also

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• Chain-link fencing
• Oligodendroglioma, a brain tumor with a microscopic chicken wire capillary pattern[4]

References

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Roman Fursa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

The history of wire mesh and wire mesh manufacturing

The manufacture of wire meshes has its roots in the most traditional textile production technologies, such as weaving and knitting. Wire weaving on looms for industrial purposes appeared in the early part of the 18th Century. In those years, the steam-driven loom for textile weaving was invented: this new technology rapidly transferred to the wire industry, in particular for automated wire weaving processes.

A driving force behind the development of wire meshes was the growing paper industry, as an endless wire mesh belt allowed the processing of pulp much faster than before. The result was that paper needed for newspapers, journals, and books could be produced at higher speeds and in larger quantities than ever.
Wire mesh also plays an important role in the “Davy lamp”, which was invented by the chemist Humphry Davy in 1815. It was designed to reduce the danger of flammable gas explosions and to warn about carbon monoxide presence in mines. This safety lamp was crucial for the development of the coal and iron ore mining industry, and thus for the progress in steel making in the 19th century. Woven wire mesh, therefore, was key to the development of the industrial revolution.
In the early 20th century, with the widespread availability of electricity, modern welding methods – such as resistance welding – arose and opened the way to welded wire mesh manufacturing.
In the first decades of the 20th century, increasing military demand for military aircraft, tanks, vehicles, and gas mask filters caused an economic increase in the wire mesh industry.

Manufacture of wire mesh, wire cloth and packaging types

Different methods – such as welding, weaving, netting, or knitting – are used to process metallic wires into wire mesh. Flat mesh products arrive on the market in the form of coils or stacks.

Welded wire mesh is produced via automated CNC welding machines. Horizontal wires are continuously fed in parallel rows into the machine directly from the coil. Vertical wires are straightened, cut, and laid onto the horizontal wires for spot welding operations. In this way, a flat and rigid panel with square, rectangular, or diamond-shaped meshes is manufactured. A shear cuts the mesh panel once it reaches its specified length. Then, a transporting device extracts the final products from the welding line and stacks them for the following transportations.
Different diameter and wire spacing configurations allow great panel customization to accommodate any need.

Wire cloth is made on weaving machines. The longitudinal wires, known as warp wires, run continuously from the back of the machine to the front side. A device holds the warp wires in place. Some of these wires are alternatively raised or lowered by a mechanism, creating an opening in the transverse direction. A shuttle – with another wire, called weft wire – is “shot” through one opening, returned through the subsequent one, and so on. In this way, the weft wire is woven through the warp wires. Both types of wires interlace with each other at specific angles to form the wire cloth.

Wire nettings are manufactured via chain link machines, which loop different wires into one another according to a regular pattern.

Literature

About textile weaving:

Valeriy Choogin, Palitha Bandara, Elena Chepelyuk: Mechanisms of Flat Weaving Technology. 1st Edition. Woodhead Publishing, 2013
ISBN: 9780857097804
eBook ISBN: 9780857097859

Introduction To Weaving Technology.
https://textilelibrary.wordpress.com/2011/04/09/introduction-to-weaving-technology/

Emel Önder, Ömer Berk Berkalp: Weaving Technology II
https://web.itu.edu.tr/~berkalpo/Weaving_Lecture/Weaving_Chapter1a_06S.pdf

About resistance welding:

Hongyan Zhang, Jacek Senkara: Resistance Welding. Fundamentals and Applications. Taylor & Francis Inc; New edition, 2011.
ISBN-10: 1439853711
ISBN-13: 978-1439853719

Nigel Scotchmer: The Other Resistance Process: Cross Wire Welding. In: Welding Journal, December 2007, pages 36-39.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294463669_The_other_resistance_process_Cross_wire_welding

For helping us compile the information, we thank -Ing. Konrad Dengler, technical journalist and translator specialized in industrial topics.

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