Increased maize yield using slow-release attapulgite-coated fertilizers
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The clay attapulgite, also known as palygorskite, is a natural nonmetal clay mineral (Fig. 1). It has a fibrous reticular structure with many nanoscale channels giving it unique physical and chemical properties, such as a large specific surface area, adsorption, suspension, slow releasing, disper- sion, ion-exchanging, water adsorption and retention, and low specific gravity (2.0 &#; 2.3 g cm &#; 3 ). Attapulgite is sticky and plastic when wet and when drying shows little shrinkage (Murray ; Ye et al. ). Attapulgite contains a small amount of elements including Si, Al, Mg, Fe, K, Ca, and Mn and so is expected to be a source of many microelements (Xie et al. ). Studies have shown that attapulgite combined with compound fertilizer increases crop yields (Yang et al. ). Attapulgite has rich reserves, low price, and is environmentally friendly and so is believed to be the most feasible coating material for slow-release compound fertilizers. The use of coated, compound fertilizers in accordance with the nutrient demands of crop plants at different growth stages can ensure the crop has sufficient amounts of nutrients throughout its whole growth stage. This would greatly improve crop yield, reduce the waste of fertilizers, and lower production costs. Maize ( Zea mays L.) is a crop requiring a large amount of fertilizer to meet the needs of plant growth. In the present study, we prepared attapulgite-coated fertilizers (ACF) by dividing chemical fertilizers into three applications according to the nutrient demands of maize plants in different growth stages, with each part of the fertilizer coated with a layer of attapulgite. Our objective was to determine (1) whether the ACF had a slow-release effect and (2) its impact on crop yield and fertilizer use efficiency in maize. We hypothesized that ACF would significantly improve maize production because their slow release would meet the nutrient demand of maize during the whole growing ...
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Fertilizers are the major input in production of grain crops, but in many cases, the amounts of fertilizers applied to crops exceed the requirements of crop growth. Excessive use of N fertilizers leads to losses through leaching, volatilization, and denitrification. The majority of soils in China &#; s semiarid rain- fed agricultural areas are alkaline and calcareous (Zhang et al. ). When N fertilizers are applied to calcareous soils, there is inevitable ammonia volatilization, with N 2 O produced in the nitrification &#; denitrification processes contributing to global climate change. However, in irrigated areas, N fertilizers, when converted into nitrate or ammonium, often move below the root zone and cannot be absorbed by crop roots (Miao et al. ).
Privacy Policy
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/15/
WHO WE ARE&#;
In this Privacy Policy, the words &#;our,&#; &#;us,&#; &#;we,&#; and &#;AMI&#; refer to Active Minerals International,LLC. AMI is the world's largest producer of gellant attapulgite and air-float kaolin mineral products.
We collect and use information about our web site visitors and those that interact with our products and services in order to manage your relationship with AMI and to better serve you.
HOW WE PROCESS AND HANDLE DATA&#;
The information we collect from you depends on the nature of your relationship with us or your interaction with AMI&#;s products, services, websites and marketing events and communications. The information we collect may include both&#;Personal Data&#;and&#;Other Information, as detailed below.&#;
Personal Data.&#;For the purposes of this Privacy Policy, &#;Personal Data&#; is information from which you could be identified, directly or indirectly, and may include contact and business information (such as name, title, address), account information, license information, payment information, information from third parties, social media data and any other unique identifying&#;information.
Other Information.&#;For the purposes of this Privacy Policy, &#;Other Information&#; is any information that does not independently reveal your specific identity or does not directly relate to an identifiable individual. Examples include an IP address, browser type, browser language, browsing data, device information, time and date of requests, login activity and cookies. Gathering this information helps us to ensure that our websites and other services work correctly and support our visitor and customer analysis.
Cookies and Similar Technologies
As further described in our&#;Cookie Policy, cookies are small text files containing information that is sent to us from your computer or mobile device. They are unique to your account or browser. We use cookies and similar technologies (such as web beacons, device identifiers, pixels and ad tags) to recognize you and track your activity across different AMI services and devices. We use cookies to collect information about the way that visitors use AMI Sites, to support the features and functionality of those Sites, and to personalize your experience when you use them. We use pixel tags and cookies so that we can determine interest in particular topics on our Site and improve the effectiveness of our communications.&#;
You can control cookies and other technologies in your browser settings. You can also disable or block the use of cookies and similar technologies that track your behavior on the websites of others for third party advertising.&#;
In some instances, we may combine Other Information with Personal Data, such as deriving geographical location from your IP address and combining website browsing data about your usage of the AMI services with your name. If we combine Other Information with Personal Data, we will treat the combined information as Personal Data.&#;
You are not required to share the Personal Data that we request. However, if you choose not to share such information, in some cases we might not be able to provide you with the AMI services, allow you to access certain specialized features of the AMI services or be able to effectively respond to any queries you may have.&#;
AMI will never collect more of your Personal Data than is necessary for the intended purpose of processing that information. Some of the uses of Personal Data listed in sections 2, 3 and 4 may not be mandatory and can be controlled by you.&#;
Please see the&#;YOUR PRIVACY RIGHTS&#;section below to learn more about how you can control the information AMI processes about you.
SECTION 3: AMI WEBSITE(S)&#;(ACTIVEMINERALS.COM, ACTI-GEL.COM, ACTI-PLEX.COM)
AMI maintains control of the data provided to, collected by or for, or processed in connection to the AMI Sites, as defined in the Terms. We gather information about visitors to both our password-protected websites and our various publicly accessible websites, including the AMI.com website, various AMI blogs, event pages and other websites where this Privacy Policy is posted.&#;
A. What information we collect through our Sites and how we collect it&#;
a. Information you provide to us&#;
We collect information about you through our websites, online forms, online chat and .&#;
When you communicate with AMI, we will store all communications we receive unless otherwise requested by you. If you are submitting information on behalf of another individual, you are responsible for obtaining appropriate consent, including consent to share and transfer any Personal Data across borders.&#;
b. Information we collect automatically&#;
Log data. As with most internet technology services, our servers automatically collect information when you access or use our Sites and record it in log files. This log may include IP address, usage data, browser type, the date and time the Site were accessed, and language preferences cookies (if enabled).&#;
Device Information. AMI collects data about devices accessing the Sites, which may include the type of device, device settings, application IDs, and unique identifiers. Whether we collect any or all of this information will depend on the type of device used and how it has been configured by you.&#;
Location Information. We receive data from you and other third parties that helps us to track an approximate device location. We may use, for example, an IP address detected by your browser or device to determine device location. We may also collect information from devices in accordance with the consent process provided by your device.&#;
Third Parties. We use and permit select&#;third parties&#;to use automatic data collection tools to collect information using website tracking technologies such as cookies, web beacons, embedded URS, pixels, widgets, buttons or other similar technologies. These can be disabled by you.&#;
B. How we use that data&#;
We may use the information collected for the following purposes:
To improve the operation of the Sites;
To engage in research and development of AMI&#;s product offerings;
To conduct ordinary business operations such as sales, marketing, support, education and training;
To engage in corporate reporting and management;
To recruit employees for AMI;
To conduct market research;
To maintain a safe and trusted environment for AMI employees, customers, Site visitors and members of the public; and
To conduct other similar uses pertaining to the AMI Sites.
How we share thatdata
Sharing with AMI Affiliates.
&#;We may share your information with our AMI entities worldwide for the purposes described in this Privacy Policy. As part of our company, our AMI entities are subject to this Privacy Policy, and our internal privacy policies and data protection requirements are regularly communicated to all of our employees as part of our mandatory compliance training.
Sharing with third party service providers.
&#;We retain third party service providers to manage or support certain aspects of our business. These third party service providers may be located globally and may provide services to us such as website hosting, data analysis, advertising and marketing services, data hosting, live-chat and helpdesk services, providing information technology infrastructure, customer service, delivery, credit card processing, auditing and other similar services. Our third party service providers are contractually bound to safeguard any Personal Data they receive from us and they are prohibited from using such Personal Data for any purpose other than to perform the services as instructed by AMI.
Engaging in corporate transactions.
&#;Circumstances may arise where we may buy or sell assets or businesses as part of a sale, merger or change in control of AMI. In such transactions, we may disclose or transfer your information, in accordance with this Privacy Policy, to prospective or actual purchasers or receive your information from sellers. Any entity which buys us or part of our business will have the right to continue to use the information we have collected and stored, but only in the manner set out in this Privacy Policy.
Complying with law / protecting legal rights.
&#;We may be required to disclose your information to comply with applicable laws (including laws outside of your country of residence), regulations, court orders, government and law enforcement requests, including national security or other law enforcement requirements. Additionally, if we reasonably believe that it is
necessary or appropriate, we reserve the right to use or disclose your information to allow us to pursue available claims or remedies and protect our legal rights, property or the safety of our employees, users or others, to the extent allowed by applicable law. This includes exchanging information with companies and organizations for the purposes of fraud detection.
MARKETING ACTIVITIES&#;
AMI maintains control of the data provided to, or collected by or for, or processed in connection with certain marketing activities, such as in-person meetings, communications, webinars, conferences, and events. We and our third-party service providers may collect information in the following ways:&#;
A. What data we collect through our marketing activities and how we collect it&#;
a. Information you provide to us&#;
In addition to information submitted to AMI through our Sites, for example when you register for a webinar, subscribe to our newsletter, or download content (such as AMI whitepapers), we may also collect information from you offline, such as when you attend our events in person or during calls with sales representatives.&#;
b. Information we acquire from a third party
To enhance AMI&#;s ability to provide relevant marketing, offers, and services to you, we may receive information about you from third parties, such as public databases, partners, lead generation services, and social media platforms. We also collect information from other sources to help us correct or supplement our records such as customer enrichment services, improve the quality or personalization of our services to you and to verify your identification in instances of suspected fraud or identity theft. In each instance we will only accept information from third parties where those third parties can demonstrate they have received all necessary consents to share such information with us.
B. How we use that data&#;
We may use information that is collected through our marketing activities in the same way we use information collected through&#;our Sites, as well as for the following purposes:
To verify your identity if required;
To tailor marketing to your interests, or to recommend products and services that may be of interest to you;
To contact you with business, marketing and sales communications that you have agreed to receive such as newsletters, announcements, and special offers, or to notify you of upcoming events;
To update and improve AMI services and product offerings;
To engage in corporate reporting and management;
To conduct market research; and
To conduct other similar uses pertaining to the AMI&#;s Marketing Activities.
How we share thatdata&#;
We may share information that is collected through our marketing activities in the same way we share information collected
through&#;our Sites,
as well as for the following purposes:
Communicating with you regarding a
Tradeshow
. We or our partners may communicate with you about
tradeshows that we participate in
. These communications may include information about the
tradeshows&#;
content, logistics,, updates, or requests for additional information related to your event registration. After the
Contact us to discuss your requirements of Industrial Grade Attapulgite. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.
tradeshow
, AMI may contact you about the event and our related products and services.
Engaging in advertising
. We may provide you with personalized promotional offers (in accordance with your privacy preferences regarding AMI services and other selected partner websites). For example, you might see an advertisement on a partner site for a product that you have recently viewed on a AMI Site. This may involve the use of cookies. We also partner with third parties to display advertising within the AMI services and we contract with service providers to place advertisements on websites owned by third parties. Sometimes this will be achieved by sharing your Personal Data as described in the Cookie Policy.
PROCESSING YOUR PERSONAL DATA&#;
We will only collect and process your Personal Data in the ways described in this Privacy Policy when we have a reason to do so.&#;
AMI relies on the following reasons for processing Personal Data:
Consent&#;
(where you have given consent)&#;
We process certain Personal Data based on the consent you provided when you submitted your information. Where we rely on your consent, you have the right to withdraw or decline your consent at any time, such as consenting to receive marketing communications.
Contract&#;
(where processing is necessary for the performance of a contract with you, i.e. to deliver the AMI product or services you or your organization have purchased).&#;
Legitimate interests of AMI or any third parties.&#;
Legitimate interests include enabling us to conduct internal business services, such as audits, mergers and acquisitions, reporting, and improving our products and services. Personal Data will only be processed on these grounds when doing so does not outweigh your rights.&#;
Where we rely on legitimate interests, you have the right to object at any time.
Compliance with laws
&#;(where we are required to process information to comply with applicable laws)&#;
If we ask you to provide Personal Data to comply with a legal requirement or to perform a contract with you, we will make this clear at the relevant time and advise you whether the provision of your Personal Data is mandatory or not (as well as the possible consequences if you do not provide your information).
HOW WE KEEP YOUR INFORMATION SECURE&#;
At AMI, we understand the importance of information, and the need to keep Personal Data secure. We have implemented and maintain technical, administrative and physical security measures designed to protect your information from unauthorized access, disclosure, misuse, alteration, accidental loss or destruction.&#;
We regularly review our security procedures to maintain the confidentiality, integrity, availability and resilience of all data both online and offline. These security procedures and measures vary based on the sensitivity of the information that we collect, process and store and the current state of technology but include firewalls, data encryption, physical access controls and information access authorization controls. AMI has implemented an incident response plan, with a company protocol we follow in the event of any data breach. We take steps to regularly monitor our systems for vulnerabilities and to ensure that we only share information with those who need to know it.&#;
However, no website or internet transmission is completely secure. While we strive to protect your data, we cannot guarantee that unauthorized access, hacking, data loss or a data breach will never occur, and we cannot warrant the security of any information that you provide to us. You are responsible for securing and maintaining the privacy of any password(s) and account registration information uses with AMI and verifying that the information we maintain about you is accurate and current. We are not responsible for protecting any information that we share with a third party based on an account connection that you have authorized.&#;
We require that our third-party service providers and partners agree to keep the information we share with them confidential and to use the information only to perform their obligations in the agreements we have in place with them. AMI has implemented internal policies to ensure that such parties are required under contract to maintain privacy and security protections which are at least as consistent with our own policies and practices.&#;
STORAGE AND RETENTION OF YOUR INFORMATION&#;
AMI is a global company and your information is stored on regional servers depending on your location and the locations of the servers of the companies we hire to provide services to us based on contractual requirements.&#;
We will retain your Personal Data for the length of time needed to fulfill the purposes outlined in this Privacy Policy unless a longer retention period is required or permitted by law, or unless the information is deleted pursuant to the exercise of your rights. We may also retain cached or archived copies of information provided to us. The deletion of your Personal Data and other use of our Sites may result in the deletion and/or de-identification of Other Information that is retained by us.&#;
CROSS BORDER TRANSFERS OF INFORMATION AND THE PRIVACY SHIELD&#;
AMI is a global company with business processes, management structures and technical systems that cross national borders. This means that your Personal Data may be transferred internally to AMI Affiliates and externally to third parties (including partners and service providers) across international borders for the purposes described in this Privacy Policy. AMI transfers data only in accordance with legally approved transfer mechanisms that are appropriate under applicable data protection laws, including the Standard Contractual Clauses.
WHAT IS NOT COVERED IN THIS POLICY&#;
Please note that this Privacy Policy applies only to your relationship with AMI through your use of AMI&#;s Sites, products, services, events, communications, and marketing and advertising activities.&#;
AMI Partners&#;who provide implementation and other solution services may also gather information and you should consult those other parties&#; privacy policies as appropriate as they may be applicable to you. Please also note that in using our services, we may provide links to other websites to directly provide information relevant to your use of AMI products. We will provide notice of when we do this. Any interactions you have with these websites are beyond the control of AMI. The Site provides links to websites and access to content, products and services of third parties, including users, advertisers, partners and sponsors of the Site, and such third party websites, content, products or services are governed by the respective third party&#;s website terms and conditions of use.&#;
If you are a&#;job candidate or an AMI employee, please refer to our&#;AMI Employee and Recruitment Privacy Policy&#;available through ADP Workforce Now.
YOUR PRIVACY RIGHTS&#;
We provide you the ability to exercise certain controls and choices regarding our collection, use and sharing of your information.&#;
Please be aware that, if you do not allow us to collect your information from you, we may not be able to deliver certain products and services to you, and some of the AMI services may not be able to take account of your interests and preferences.&#;
Your choices.&#;In accordance with applicable law, you may be entitled to exercise your rights and choices as follows:
Account settings.
&#;You may update your profile, your account and any related information at any time to ensure that information is up to date or delete inaccuracies by
.
Devices and browsers.
&#;Some of our mobile services use your device&#;s location information. You can adjust the setting of your mobile device at any time to control whether your device communicates this location information.
Communications from AMI.
&#;We may use your information to communicate with you by , including sending you transactional or marketing emails. AMI enables you to opt out of marketing communications. Some communications you may receive from us are not considered marketing emails, such as communications related to product, sales transactions
and (where permitted by law) quality assurance surveys. Such transactional emails are not subject to general opt-out. Some additional communications you may receive from our partners may also not be subject to general-opt out, including product alerts, updates, and other notices related to partner status. You can tell us to stop sending you marketing emails by clicking
the&#;unsubscribe
link&#;included at the bottom of AMI&#;s marketing emails or updating your preferences
here. If you have any issues unsubscribing, you may contact us directly.
Cookies.
&#;Some web browsers (including mobile web browsers) provide settings that allow you to control or reject cookies or to alert you when a cookie is placed on your computer, tablet or mobile device. Although you are not required to accept cookies, if you block or reject them, you may not have access to all features or functionalities available through our services. Please go to our&#;Cookie Policy&#;to learn more on how you can manage your cookie preferences or opt out of cookies and other website data collection tools.
Additionally, depending on where you are located, you may have other rights.&#;
EUROPE&#;and CALIFORNIA
AMI adheres to applicable data protection laws in Europe and California which, where they apply, provides you with the following rights:
Data Access.
&#;You may request access to the Personal Data we hold about you and request that we edit or delete them.
Data Portability.
&#;You are entitled to request copies of Personal Data that you have provided to us in a structured, commonly used and machine-readable format and/or request that this information be transmitted to another service provider (where technically feasible).
Deletion.
&#;You may be able to have your Personal Data deleted or erased.
Correcting inaccurate or incomplete information.
&#;We maintain a process to help you confirm that your personal details remain correct and up-to-date.
Manage your Information.
&#;You may choose whether or not you wish to receive material from us or some of our partners. Please let us know
by&#;contacting us
.
Withdrawing consent.
&#;If the processing of your Personal Data is based on your consent, you may withdraw your consent at any time as to future processing.
Objecting to or restricting use of Personal Data.
&#;You can ask us to stop using all or some of your Personal Data (e.g., if we have no legal right to keep using it) or to limit our use of it (e.g., if your Personal Data is inaccurate or unlawfully held).
Privacy relating to minors&#;
As a company focused on serving the needs of businesses, AMI does not promote or market the AMI services to minors and we do not knowingly collect information from minors as defined by applicable law. If we discover we have received any Personal Data from a person under the age of 13 in violation of this Policy, we will take reasonable steps to delete that information as quickly as possible.&#;
If you believe we have any information from or about anyone under the age of 13, please&#;contact us.
UPDATES TO THE POLICY
From time to time, we may change this Privacy Policy to accommodate new technologies, industry practices, regulatory requirements or to reflect any changes in how we process information. Any changes to this Privacy Policy will be effective when we post the revised Privacy Policy on this website.
CONTACT US&#;
If you believe your Personal Data has been used in a way that is not consistent with this Privacy Policy or your specified preferences, or if you have further questions related to this Privacy Policy, we encourage you to please contact our Privacy Team at the address below or by emailing:&#;&#;.
Written inquiries may be addressed to our General Counsel and Chief Compliance Officer at:&#;
Chris Coley&#;
Active Minerals Inc&#;
34 LovetonCir, STE 100
Sparks, MD
: +1 (410) 825-
Fax: +1 (410) 321-
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