AFL Copperclad Steel (CCS) cables are a theft-deterrent alternative for traditional copper grounding cables. Copper is the preferred material of choice for grounding applications given its conductivity; but due to its high resale value, it is often the target of theft. Copperclad Steel provides a solution to this problem by combining the necessary electrical properties of copper, with the strength (and low resale value) of steel. When making the transition from copper to CCS cables, it can often be difficult to know which size to choose given the properties for a similar sized copper and CCS cable are not the same. Review this white paper to learn the advantages and disadvantages for CCS sizes and the differences between Dead Soft Annealed and High Strength options.
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excerpt from Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook. &#; 5th ed. Self, Douglas ISBN: 978-0-240--6 Distortion 9: Magnetic Distortion"This arises when a signal at amplifier output level is passed through a ferromagnetic conductor. Ferromagnetic materials have a nonlinear relationship between the current passing through them and the magnetic flux it creates, and this induces voltages that add distortion to the signal. The effect has been found in some types of output relays where the signal being switched passes through the soft-iron frame that makes up part of the magnetic circuit. That particular manifestation is dealt with in detail in Chapter 17, where output relays are examined.The problem has also been experienced with loudspeaker terminals. The terminal pair in question was a classy-looking Chinese item with all its metal parts gold-plated, and had proved wholly satisfactory at the prototype stage. Once again the product involved was trembling on the brink of mass production, and once again the pre-production batch showed more distortion than expected. The THD residual showed third-harmonic distortion that had certainly not been there before. Some rapid investigation revealed the hitherto unknown concept of nonlinear loudspeaker terminals. The metal parts of the terminals appeared to be made of gold-plated brass (as they were in all the prototype samples) but were actually gold-plated steel, which is of course a cheaper material &#; brass has copper in it, and copper is expensive. Although the amplifier output currents were only passing through about 10 mm of steel (the current went through that length twice, on go and return), the nonlinear magnetic effects were sufficient to increase the output distortion from 0.% to 0.% at 100W into 8R at 1kHz. In other words distortion nearly doubled. It is, however, highly likely that if the offending terminals had been used with a non-Blameless amplifier having rather more distortion of its own the extra nonlinearity would have gone completely unnoticed, and I can only presume that this was what the manufacturer hoped and expected. Parts incorrectly made from steel can of course be readily detected by the application of a small magnet. "
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