Titanium anodes are titanium-based metal oxide coated anodes.
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The role of metal oxide coating is: low resistivity, good conductivity (titanium itself has poor conductivity), stable chemical composition, stable crystal structure, stable electrode size, good corrosion resistance, long service life, and electrocatalytic performance of precious metal coating. It is beneficial to reduce the overpotential of oxygen evolution and chlorine evolution reaction and save electric energy.
Therefore, during the use of the anode, it is particularly important to pay attention to the coating on the surface of the anode.
Use and maintenance of titanium anodes
After the titanium anode substrate is pickled, during processing or use, clean gloves should be worn to clamp the ends or edges of the electrode, and try not to touch the coating part to protect the coating surface from any pollution or foreign objects. . If it is scratched or damaged, during the electrolysis process, the anode will first corrode from the damaged part, thus affecting the use effect of the entire anode.
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As a professional supplier of titanium electrodes, our experience is that the electrolyte should be stable, especially not containing hydrogen ions and fluoride ions, otherwise it will seriously corrode the titanium substrate. Before the electrolyte enters the electrolytic cell, a filter device should be added, and it should not contain metal particles larger than 0.1mm, so as to avoid excessive accumulation and cause short circuit of positive and negative electrodes. The cathode attachment should not be too thick to avoid short-circuit breakdown of the cathode and anode due to too small electrode spacing or sharp metal formation. Reasonably adjust the cathode and anode spacing, generally 5 ~ 25mm. Try to avoid the use of guide electrodes, which will easily cause the coating to peel off and affect the service life. When stopping, try not to soak in the solution while in power-off mode. Add a small current of about 5A to protect the cathode plate. When pickling or cleaning the surface of the electrode plate, pay attention to protect the surface and do not clean it with sharp objects. When the electrolyte is working, the temperature should not be too high. A reasonable temperature is 25-40 degrees Celsius. Pay attention to the current density when working and keep it within A/m2. If the current is too large, the reaction will be very violent, which will affect the life of the electrode.
Electrochemical methods have a good effect on the treatment of refractory organic matter, and can convert non-biodegradable organic matter into biodegradable organic matter. The electrochemical conversion reaction rate of organic compounds is generally slow, so it is often improved by increasing the overpotential of the electrode, increasing the surface area of the electrode, selecting good electrode materials and improving the electrode structure. In electrochemical reactions, the electrode surface area is accompanied by a heterogeneous catalysis reaction of charge movement, similar to chemical catalysis.
In a certain electrolyte, under the same overpotential, the electrode reaction rate and reaction type will change with the difference of the electrode matrix material, which is collectively referred to as electrocatalysis in electrochemistry. In electrocatalytic reactions, as electrocatalysts, different electrode materials can change the electrochemical reaction rate by orders of magnitude. Therefore, selecting appropriate electrode materials is an effective way to improve the efficiency of electrochemical catalytic reactions.
You have to consider what your reasons are for using titanium.
Electroplaters use titanium (sometimes) because:
1. it lasts longer than most of the alternatives in their systems. That reduces their downtime from having to replace "furnishings." Over the long run titanium can be less expensive for them.
2. titanium in most commercial electroplating baths doesn't corrode significantly so it doesn't poison their bath. Poisoned bath = off spec products = rework or loss.
Some commercial electrowinning/refining processes use titanium anodes (and occasionally cathodes) simply because it is the only commercial product that can survive their operating conditions. So, they HAVE to, or they don't make product and don't make money. If you want to know more, you can google "dimensionally stable anodes", which are titanium plates coated with various precious metals, rare earths etc. so it doesn't corrode away so quickly and to change the activation energy of surface reactions.
However, a typical silver cell (like a Thums-Balbach cell) isn't actually there to "refine silver." That is just a byproduct of its main purpose - TO MAKE MONEY. So, we try to use the cheapest technically feasible materials we can. That reduces capital and operating cost = more profit. A silver cell actually operates in pretty mild conditions, so typically stainless steel (actually, carbon is used industrially) is sufficient for a long time. Stainless costs 1/10 or less what titanium costs, and is much more readily available. You can use titanium - it just isn't optimum from a "make money" standpoint.
I recall that Electrometals was using dimensionally stable anodes (titanium-based) in their flow through cells for silver recovery in Merrill-Crowe plants (that is primary silver recovery, not refining, from cyanide solutions - the electrolytic cells replace the zinc dust that is conventionally used in that process). That allowed their system to survive a lot longer than conventional anodes and cathodes, but that is a very different environment than the standard silver REFINING cell. Also, I don't know if any operating plant has actually adopted the Electrometals process, likely due to cost issues.
As for conductivity, titanium is plenty conductive. The thin oxide layer doesn't cause issues with electrochemical reactions. It is actually more conductive than stainless, so resistance losses are lower.
Best Regards, Gerald
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