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“Supply chain issues” is one of the most commonly-heard phrases in 2022. Ever since 2020, the ripple effects of past and current COVID policies have caused everyday items to become scarce. The water and wastewater industries are no different. Equipment that ordinarily a 3-month lead time may now be 18 months. Ductile iron pipe, which could ordinarily be delivered to a job site within a week, may now take up to a year or more to receive. Water service fittings, which were always in stock and on shelves, now must be ordered months in advance. Iron-related products have been hit even worse due to the Russia-Ukraine war. Manufacturers are scrambling, vendors are filling orders as best they can, contractors are using what products they can get their hands on, and municipalities are delaying projects.
What can be done?
Flexibility is key! Engineers and municipalities should keep their expectations in check and move forward with projects with the understanding that there may be substantial delays in construction start dates due to the extended lead times. Contractors and local material supply companies are operating at the mercy of the manufacturers and global commodity markets. Another means of flexibility is to expand the list of acceptable materials and products beyond the norm. Many utilities have grown accustomed to being able to select the pipe materials or model numbers they prefer to be installed within their systems. Today, if a project must be completed within a limited timeframe, then utilities have needed to consider alternative materials. For example, it is common for utilities that have historically only preferred ductile iron water main pipe to now utilize PVC or HDPE water main pipe.
Infrastructure projects must move forward, and Commonwealth Engineers is here to help municipalities walk through these difficulties. For more information, contact our Business Development Team at cei@contactcei.com.
SPRINGDALE -- The supply chain shortages have struck again.
The Springdale Water Utilities requires area contractors to place ductile iron pipe to bring water and sewer service to homes and buildings. But, right now, ductile iron pipe is hard to get. The lead time is nearly a year, say directors of Northwest Arkansas utilities.
The Springdale Water and Sewer Commission, which oversees the utility, has given utility staff the OK to OK the use of PVC pipe -- or polyvinyl chloride, a plastic product. The commission also said staff can wave iron pipe requirements on a case-by-case basis without commission approval each time.
Heath Ward, executive director of Springdale Water Utilities, said small projects, small diameters of pipe might merit the substitution.
Experts said they don't see much difference in the overall quality of two kinds of pipe, and they don't expect more leakage, breaks or other problems.
Customers probably will see no difference to their service no matter what goes underground, said Wen Zhang, an associate professor of civil engineering at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
Ductile iron -- a type of cast iron -- is known for its impact resistance to fatigue and wear, according to the website of the Ductile Iron Pipe Research Association. It does not fracture as easily with impact, the website says.
Carbon is added to cast iron in the smelting process. Spherical graphite structures in the metal make the iron ductile.
PVC provides affordability, faster and more flexible installation and durability, according to the Plastic Pipe and Fittings Association website.
PVC in the United States is made from natural gas and salt, according to the website.
"I still prefer ductile iron, but we will accept something else as long as we are able to sleep at night," Ward said. "I'm not going to worry if we have one pipe or 50 pipes that are PVC."
About 60% of the utility's system uses PVC pipes, said Rick Pulvirenti, chief operating officer and engineer of the utility.
But when the supply chain goes back to normal, the utility will go back to its iron pipes, Ward said.
DUCTILE VS. PVC
Pipes made of PVC cost less under normal market conditions than those made of ductile iron, Ward said. But PVC requires specific bedding that surrounds the pipe. Properly installed, the bedding evens the points of pressure from the water pumped through the pipe -- especially if that pipe is going to be there for a long time.
Ductile iron is stronger than PVC, Pulvirenti said. But iron is subject to erosion, which the utility has found in pipes buried around the utility's water tank farm in the eastern part of town, Ward said.
The utility has taken steps to mediate the erosion by attaching sacrificial anodes to the pipe to attract the electrical charges that eat at the metal, he added.
PVC is currently running about $95 for a 100-foot piece of 8-inch-diameter pipe, Pulvirenti said. Ductile iron cost about the same, he said.
Engineers and contractors must consider the lifetime cost of the two pipe materials. This includes upkeep, repair and replacement, Pulvirenti said.
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Zhang said PVC pipe is a very good choice for pipelines. It is not subject to corrosion. She said today's PVC pipe should last about 70 years. The typical lifespan for any type of pipe is 50 to 100 years, she said.
Ward said he always will use PVC on deep sewer lines -- with pipes buried at 15 feet. Digging that deep for repairs creates the risk of the walls collapsing.
The long-standing standard for the city's water and sewer mains has been ductile iron, lined with epoxy, Pulvirenti said. But the lining can flake off, leaving exposed metal, subject to erosion, he said.
Utility crews replaced the lining with a cast-in-place, quick drying fiberglass tube, Pulvirenti said.
That lining is on the interior of sewer pipes, but external in water lines, so that epoxy is not getting into the drinking water, Ward noted.
UP TO CODE
Many materials are available to cast pipes -- ductile iron, cast iron, copper, steel and various plastic products.
Ben Peters, director of the city's Engineering Department, said the city's stormwater drainage flows through concrete pipes.
Clay is a good material and was used throughout history, Ward said, citing aqueducts of ancient Rome. The Acqua Vergine, built in 19 B.C., has been restored several times and supplies water to the Trevi Fountain in the heart of the modern city.
But clay pipes are known for leaking at joints, Ward said.
The city code allows many types of pipes for individual building projects, explained Mike Chamlee, director of the Springdale Building Department. Most pipe running from the city's mains to individual buildings is already PVC, he said.
Ductile iron is used for main lines holding lots of pressure, he explained.
Numerous homeowners have found that the rocky soil of Northwest Arkansas will settle against a PVC pipe with a sharp edge of the rock boring a hole in the pipe.
Ward was one of these homeowners, and the repair cost nearly $4,000, he said.
The problem could be alleviated by using thicker PVC, burying the pipe at the proper depth and installing adequate bedding, he said.
DILEMMA
A 10-month wait for ductile iron pipe can significantly delay a project. PVC suppliers are telling local officials delivery time for their products is a few weeks, Ward said.
Ward said he understood the dilemma of engineers and contractors trying to finish projects -- especially single -- and multifamily projects that are sorely needed.
"They're under pressure in market, but we don't want anything substandard," he said.
The utility's current project on Emma Avenue will utilize PVC pipe, so the project's conclusion can come more swiftly and the city can reopen Emma to traffic, Ward said.
Kevan Inboden, chief operating officer of Beaver Water District, said the new western water pressure main will be laid with steel pipe. Officials are not seeing significant supply issue, he said.
"But we are moving ahead with our normal start date like supply issues won't delay the project," he said.
Inboden said the water delivery infrastructure should be completed end of 2025. At full build-out, it will have capability to pump 70 million gallons of water a day.
Local cities will tie to the pumping station to deliver water to the western reaches of Washington and Benton counties.
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