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Pre-made container homes build units based on a standard container, combining them with a regular building function.
According to its mobility characteristics, it is possible not only by transport but also during transport does not affect the internal use of container dwellings. The architectural design should comply with module integration, diversity, and functional practicality, effectively use space and facilitate construction.
The activity of pre-made container homes can be achieved in two ways.
One is to realize the movement of the house with integral as the basic unit, transportation as the carrier, and hoisting technology as the support. Modern innovative technology enables containers weighing more than 20 tons to move quickly.
In contrast to the previous one, the decomposition of the components is based on the use of bolt welding and other ways to connect to achieve the purpose of cross-regional activities.
Container dwellings are still residential, so basic residential functions must be ensured to ensure that people with internal activities can receive normal physiological activities, such as rest, recreation, dining, washing, etc.
The container interior should contain essential functional spaces such as living room, kitchen, bedroom, and bathroom.
Whether it is the means of transport, road conditions, or equipment restrictions, container dwellings are required to have the dimensions needed so that the purpose of rapid transportation can be achieved.
More than 90% of pre-made container homes construction work is pre-made from the factory, while the remaining small amount of work needs to be installed on-site.
In addition to the construction and assembly of more significant components such as foundations and roofs, the site includes installing and constructing pipelines and septic tanks.
Therefore, the container house can be completed in 1 to 3 days, improving the time utilization rate. In addition, space utilization is improved through full use of vacant land.
In the overall structure of the container, there is no need to consider the floor problem.
The roof plate is integrated with the surrounding wall panel, which can be made of a thin wall with a small amount of material.
Modular components as a whole, their production process is also not complicated. The spatial scope of this physical space is very clearly defined, such as the living room composed of the floor, wall, and roof.
The emergence of more and more new materials also adds a touch of bright color to the design of container houses, such as glass partition makes the two spaces closely connected but does not affect the use of function, strong permeability.
Green eco-friendly materials make the indoor space more humane and create a more comfortable living environment.
Due to the stability of the module&#;s structure, welding can be used in the construction combination. But because of its large size and weight, large tonnage trailers and cranes are needed for transport and assembly.
Modular components have the following construction characteristics:
About 9/10 of the work can be completed in the factory, about 1/10 of the component assembly, fitting, pipeline installation, etc. This feature makes the molding of container houses away from climate influences and is conducive to large-scale industrial production;
Reduce the output of labor. The working environment is superior to the ordinary construction site;
Short construction period, saving time, compared to large board room can be shortened by 50% ~ 70%, allowing capital turnover, to a large extent to obtain investment benefits, to meet the needs of users;
Many spaces have been created between the modules, and their rational use can solve the problem of everyday land use in the current social environment. But, more important is the positive impact of green space distribution, which improves the green space rate, reflects the concept of harmonious development between man and nature and makes the building more beautiful.
The perfect integration of new building materials and containers makes the house more robust. In addition, the house temperature change is small because of its thermal insulation function and can reduce air conditioning and other equipment.
Fresh air through multi-stage filtration into the room within an hour can be ventilated once, eliminating the chemical odor caused by the secondary decoration.
A first aid station built using an intermodal container. A remote office constructed with a used shipping container.
Stacked reefer container homes
Shipping container architecture is a form of architecture that uses steel intermodal containers (shipping containers) as the main structural element. It is also referred to as cargotecture or arkitainer, portmanteau words formed from "cargo" and "architecture". This form of architecture is often associated with the tiny-house movement as well as the sustainable living movement.
The use of containers as building materials has been growing in popularity due to their strength, wide availability, low cost, and eco-friendliness.[1][2]
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Due to their shape and material, shipping containers have the ability to be customized in many different ways and can be modified to fit various purposes. Standardized dimensions and various interlocking mechanisms make these containers modular, allowing them to be easily combined into larger structures that follow modular design. This also simplifies any extensions to the structure as new containers can easily be added on to create larger structures. When empty, shipping containers can be stacked up to 12 units high.
Because shipping containers are designed to be stacked in high columns and to carry heavy loads, they are also strong and durable. They are designed to resist harsh environments, such as those on ocean-going vessels. Shipping containers conform to standard shipping sizes, which makes pre-fabricated modules easily transportable by ship, truck, or rail.
Shipping container construction is still less expensive than conventional construction, despite metal fabrication and welding being considered specialized labor (which usually increases construction costs). Unlike wood-frame construction, attachments must be welded or drilled to the outer skin, which is more time-consuming, and requires different job site equipment.
As a result of their widespread use, new and used shipping containers are available globally. This availability makes building tiny or container houses more affordable. Depending on the desired specifications and materials used, a container home will often cost less compared to a traditional house[3]
Shipping container construction requires fewer resources, meaning the quantity of traditional building materials needed (e.g. bricks and cement) are reduced. When upcycling shipping containers, thousands of kilograms of steel are saved. For example, a 12 metres (39 ft) long shipping container weighs over 3,500 kilograms (7,700 lb).
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Containers used for human occupancy in an environment with extreme temperature variations will normally have to be better insulated than most brick, block, or wood structures because steel conducts heat very well. Humidity can also affect steel structures, so when moist interior air condenses against the steel, it becomes humid and forms rust if the steel is not sealed and insulated.
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While in service, containers may be damaged by friction, handling collisions, and the force of heavy loads overhead during ship transits. Additionally, although the two ends of a container are extremely strong, the roof is not. In the case of a 20 feet (6.1 m)-long container, the roof is built and tested only to withstand a 300 kilograms (660 lb) load, applied to an area of 61 cm by 30.5 cm (2 ft by 1 ft) in the weakest part of the roof.[4] Companies inspect containers, and condemn them if they present cracked welds, twisted frames, or pin holes, among other faults.
Shipping containers possess the capacity to be organized into modular arrangements, thereby creating expansive structures. Nevertheless, deviating from the established standard dimensions, typically 20 feet (6.1 m) or 40 feet (12 m) in length, can engender inefficiencies in terms of both temporal and financial resources. Containers surpassing the 40 feet (12 m) length threshold may encounter challenges during navigation within residential vicinities.
The transportation and construction of shipping container structures can be expensive due to size and weight, and often require the use of cranes or forklifts. This is in contrast to more traditional construction materials like brick or lumber, which can be handled manually and used for construction even at elevated heights.
Obtaining building permits for shipping container homes can be troublesome in regions where municipalities are not familiar with shipping container architecture, because the use of steel for construction is usually for industrial rather than residential structures. In the United States, some shipping container homes have been built outside of various city zoning areas, where no building permits are required.
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To meet Australian government shipping quarantine requirements, most container floors are treated with insecticides containing copper (23&#;25%), chromium (38&#;45%) and arsenic (30&#;37%) when manufactured. Chromium and arsenic are known carcinogens. If shipping containers are repurposed for human habitation, these floors should be safely removed, disposed, and replaced. Because shipping containers can carry a wide variety of industrial cargo, spillages or contamination may also occur inside the container, and will have to be cleaned before habitation. Before human habitation, ideally all internal surfaces should be abrasive blasted to bare metal, and re-painted with a non-toxic paint system. Solvents released from paint, and sealants used in manufacture, might also be harmful to human health.
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Shipping containers stacked to form a semi-permanent wall at an iron ore mine in Western AustraliaThe use, size, location and appearance of structures based on shipping containers vary widely.
When futurist Stewart Brand needed a place to assemble the material he would use to write How Buildings Learn, he converted a shipping container into an office space in the early s. The conversion process is described in How Buildings Learn itself.
Illustration of the structure of Container City showing how the containers are stacked.In , the firm Urban Space Management completed a project called Container City I in the Trinity Buoy Wharf area of London. The firm has gone on to complete additional container-based building projects, with more underway. In , the Dutch company Tempohousing finished, in Amsterdam, the biggest container village in the world: 1,000 student homes from modified shipping containers from China.[5]
In , standard ISO shipping containers began to be modified for use as stand-alone on-site wastewater treatment plants. This use of containers creates a cost-effective, modular, and customizable solution to on-site wastewater treatment, eliminating the need for construction of a separate building to house the treatment system.[6]
In , Southern California Architect Peter DeMaria designed the first two-story shipping container home in the U.S., as an approved structural system under the strict guidelines of the nationally recognized Uniform Building Code (UBC). Named the Redondo Beach House, it inspired the creation of Logical Homes, a cargo container&#;based pre-fabricated home company. In , Logical Homes created its flagship project, the Aegean, for the Computer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In , Village Underground constructed a series of not-for-profit artists' workspaces in Shoreditch, London. Developing the concept further, Auro Foxcroft constructed recycled shipping container architecture that incorporated retired London Underground carriages.
In , entrepreneur Brian McCarthy developed prototypes of shipping container housing for maquiladora workers in Mexico.[7]
Application in the Live Event & Entertainment Industry[
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In , German architect and production designer Stefan Beese used six 12 metres (39 ft)-long shipping containers to create a large viewing deck and VIP lounge area for the Voodoo Music Experience, New Orleans, as a substitute for typical grand stand scaffolding. The containers double as storage space for other festival components throughout the year. The two top containers are cantilevered 2.7 metres (8.9 ft) on each side, creating two balconies that are prime viewing locations. Each container was perforated with cutouts spelling the word "VOODOO".
Grand Stand and VIP Lounge made from Shipping Containers for the and Voodoo Music Experiences, City Park, New Orleans.In the United Kingdom, walls of containers filled with sand have been used as large sandbags to protect against flying debris from exploding ceramic insulators in electricity substations.
In October , two barges owned by Google with superstructures made out of shipping containers received media attention amid speculation about their purpose.[8]
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Brisk trade in Bishkek's Dordoy Bazaar.Empty shipping containers are commonly used as market stalls and warehouses in the countries of the former USSR.
The biggest shopping mall or organized market in Europe is made up of alleys formed by stacked containers, on 69 hectares (170 acres) of land, between the airport and the central part of Odesa, Ukraine. Informally named "Tolchok", and officially known as the Seventh-Kilometer Market, it has 16,000 vendors and employs 1,200 security guards and maintenance workers.
In Central Asia, the Dordoy Bazaar in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan is almost entirely composed of double-stacked containers. It is popular with travelers coming from Kazakhstan and Russia for the cheap prices and plethora of knock off designers.
In , the Cashel Mall in Christchurch, New Zealand reopened in a series of shipping containers, months after it had been destroyed in the earthquake that devastated the city's central business district.[9] Starbucks Coffee has also built a store using shipping containers.[10] A pop-up shopping mall called Boxpark was also created in Shoreditch, London, in , followed by other locations in the Greater London area.[11] A pop-up shopping mall, Common Ground, was created in Seoul, South Korea in .[12]
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Shipping container as a roundabout artworkShipping containers have also been used as:
Alternative Housing & Architecture[
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News report from Voice of America about shipping container housing for students in Copenhagen. Shipping container cottage. 20 foot reefer container homeThe abundance and relative cheapness of these containers during the last decade comes from the deficit in manufactured goods coming from North America in the last two decades. These manufactured goods come to North America from Asia and, to a lesser extent, Europe, in containers that often have to be shipped back empty, or "deadhead", at considerable expense. It is often cheaper to buy new containers in Asia than to ship old ones back. Therefore, new applications are sought for the used containers that have reached their North American destination.
Containers have been utilized by architects and individuals to build diverse structures, including homes, offices, apartments, schools, dormitories, artists studios, and emergency shelters. Additionally, containers have found use as swimming pools and temporary secure spaces on construction sites and other venues.
CONEX containers were developed by Malcom McLean to standardize the intermodal shipping unit. CONEX containers may or may not meet the requirements of local building codes. As they are not field erected, a registered engineer or architect must verify that the containers comply with the structural requirements of the building code. The ICC[24] code was amended to address CONEX containers.
Phillip C. Clark filed for a United States patent on November 23, , described as "Method for converting one or more steel shipping containers into a habitable building at a building site and the product thereof". This patent was granted August 8, as patent . The patent documentation shows what are possibly the earliest recorded plans for constructing shipping container housing and shelters by laying out some very basic architectural concepts. Regardless, the patent may not have represented novel invention at its time of filing. Paul Sawyers previously described extensive shipping container buildings used on the set of the film Space Rage Breakout on Prison Planet.
Other examples of earlier container architecture concepts include a report entitled "Shipping Containers as Structural Systems",[25] investigating the feasibility of using 20 feet (6.1 m) shipping containers as structural elements by the US military.
During the Gulf War, containers saw considerable nonstandard uses, not only as makeshift shelters, but also for housing of US soldiers. The shipping containers were equipped with air conditioning units and provided shelter as well as protection from artillery shelling.
It has been rumored that some shipping containers were used for transportation of Iraqi prisoners of war, with holes cut in the containers to allow for ventilation. Containers continue to be used for military shelters, often additionally fortified by adding sandbags to the side walls, to protect against weapons such as rocket-propelled grenades ("RPGs").
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Shipping container architecture has inspired the reality television series Containables (DIY) and Container Homes (HGTV), in addition to being featured in episodes of Grand Designs (Channel 4) and Amazing Interiors (Netflix).
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