Fiber-reinforced plastic is a composite material wherein a polymer is reinforced with fibers to enhance or add properties. These fibers are typically glass or carbon, although aramid, basalt, and even wood and paper have been used. Fiber reinforced plastics are commonly used in aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries because of their corrosion resistance and low weight-to-strength ratio.
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Thermosets are more commonly used in fiber-reinforced plastics due to lower costs, but thermoplastic resins offer higher performance and can withstand temperatures up to 400ºF or more. Thermoplastics also offer higher compressive strength, better toughness/damage resistance, reduced hydrolysis, greater impact resistance, high vibrational damping, and take less time to process than thermosets.
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Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite is a type of material wherein a polymer is reinforced with fibers, falling into the category of composite materials. These materials are formed by dispersing particles of one or more materials within another material, creating a continuous network around them.
Distinguishing itself from traditional construction materials like Steel and Aluminum, FRP composites exhibit anisotropic properties, while Steel and Aluminum are isotropic. This anisotropy signifies that their properties vary depending on the direction of the fibers, with the highest mechanical properties aligning with the direction of fiber placement.
FRP composites boast a high strength-to-density ratio, exceptional corrosion resistance, and advantageous electrical, magnetic, and thermal properties. However, they are susceptible to brittleness, and their mechanical properties may be influenced by factors such as loading rate, temperature fluctuations, and environmental conditions.
The primary function of fiber reinforcement is to bear the load along the length of the fiber and provide strength and stiffness in a particular direction, often replacing metallic materials in structural applications that prioritize load-carrying capacity.
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The utilization of FRP in engineering applications has led to significant advancements in construction functionality, safety, and economy, primarily due to their exceptional mechanical properties.
The choice of fiber plays a crucial role in determining the properties of composite materials. Major types of fibers used in construction include Carbon, Glass, and Aramid. Composites are often named based on the reinforcing fiber, such as CFRP for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer. Key properties that differentiate fiber types include stiffness and tensile strain.
Fig. 1: Glass, Carbon, and Aramid FibreThe matrix serves to transfer forces between the fibers and safeguard them from detrimental effects. Thermosetting resins (thermosets) are predominantly used, with epoxy and vinylester being the most common matrices. Although epoxy is favored over vinylester for its superior properties, it comes at a higher cost. Epoxy exhibits good strength, bond, creep resistance, and chemical resistance.
Fig. 2: Fibre Plus Matrix produce FRPGlass fibers are typically produced by mixing silica sand, limestone, folic acid, and other minor ingredients, which are then heated until they melt at approximately °C. The molten glass is drawn through fine holes in a platinum plate, cooled, gathered, and wound. These fibers, woven into various forms, offer high electrical insulating properties, low susceptibility to moisture, and significant mechanical properties. Despite being impact-resistant, glass fibers are heavier compared to carbon or aramid.
Fig. 3: Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer BarsCarbon fibers boast a high modulus of elasticity ranging from 200 to 800 GPa, with ultimate elongation between 0.3% and 2.5%. They do not absorb water, resist various chemical solutions, excel in fatigue resistance, and exhibit no corrosion or creep.
Fig. 4: Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer BarsAramid, short for aromatic polyamide, includes well-known trademarks such as Kevlar, along with other brands like Twaron, Technora, and SVM. Aramid fibers offer moduli ranging from 70 to 200 GPa and ultimate elongation between 1.5% and 5%, depending on quality. While they possess high fracture energy, aramid fibers are sensitive to elevated temperatures, moisture, and ultraviolet radiation, limiting their use in civil engineering applications.
Fig. 5: Properties of Different Types of FRP Compared with SteelBy incorporating these elements and refining the language for clarity and professionalism, the article provides a comprehensive overview of Fibre Reinforced Polymer composites and their diverse applications in construction and engineering.
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